USE OF HYBRID SYSTEMS BASED ON RENEWABLE SOURCES IN MICROGRID: AN OVERVIEW
Abstract
Traditionally, fossil fuels have been the main source of energy in the world to meet the demand for elec-tricity. However, the crisis among traditional energy sources, the trend of increasing fuel prices and the emission of harmful gases from the burning of fossil fuels have called into question the future viability of conventional energy sources. In recent years, renewable energy technologies have attracted more global attention due to their positive impact on solving environmental problems and their ability to meet the growing demand for energy. In addition, low costs for operation and maintenance, as well as installation work, contribute to increasing the degree of integration of renewable energy sources into the power sys-tem. Among the various renewable energy technologies available, photovoltaic modules and wind tur-bines in the form of distributed generation can be part of a large power system, a small distribution net-work, and microgrids of various configurations. The object of research is the principles of forming a hybrid microgrid based on renewable energy sources. Research methods - analysis and synthesis of the existing situation in the field of energy consumption management using complex systems of providing electrical energy. The purpose of the work is to consider various configurations of hybrid systems to increase the effective operation of microgrids according to the relevant indicators of power supply reliability, economic use and consumption management. The result of the performed work is the determination of the main components of the microgrid structure and the assessment of their impact on the system according to the specified criteria.
References
2. IRENA. Global energy transformation: A roadmap to 2050 (2019 edition). Abu Dhabi : International Renew-able Energy Agency, 2019. 52 p.
3. Lynch P. 2016 Climate Trends Continue to Break Rec-ords. NASA. URL: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/climate-trends-continue-to-break-records.
4. Andre T., Guerra F. Renewables 2020 Global Status Report. Paris : REN20, 2020. 367 p.
5. SGCG/M490/G_Smart Grid Set of Standards 25 Version 3.1. Official edition. 2014. 259 p.
6. Kroposki B., Basso T., DeBlasio R. Microgrid standards and technologies. Energy Society General Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 20–24 July 2008. 2008.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/pes.2008.4596703.
7. Microgrids / N. Hatziargyriou et al. IEEE Power and En-ergy Magazine. 2007. Vol. 5, no. 4. P. 78–94.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/mpae.2007.376583.
8. Zia M. F., Elbouchikhi E., Benbouzid M. E. H. An Energy Management System for Hybrid Energy Sources-based Stand-alone Marine Microgrid. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019. Vol. 322. P. 012001.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/322/1/012001.
9. Energy Management System for an Islanded Microgrid With Convex Relaxation / M. F. Zia et al. IEEE Transac-tions on Industry Applications. 2019. Vol. 55, no. 6. P. 7175–7185. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/tia.2019.2917357.
10. LI Y., NEJABATKHAH F. Overview of control, integration and energy management of microgrids. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy. 2014. Vol. 2, no. 3. P. 212–222.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40565-014-0063-1.
11. Microgrids large scale integration of microgeneration to low voltage grids / N. Hatziargyriou et al. CIGRE 2006. 2006.
12. Amrollahi M. H., Bathaee S. M. T. Techno-economic optimization of hybrid photovoltaic/wind generation together with energy storage system in a stand-alone micro-grid subjected to demand response. Applied En-ergy. 2017. Vol. 202. P. 66–77.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.116.
13. Homeostatic control, smart metering and efficient en-ergy supply and consumption criteria: A means to building more sustainable hybrid micro-generation sys-tems / F. F. Yanine et al. Renewable and Sustainable En-ergy Reviews. 2014. Vol. 38. P. 235–258.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.05.078.
14. Abedini M., Moradi M. H., Hosseinian S. M. Optimal management of microgrids including renewable energy scources using GPSO-GM algorithm. Renewable Energy. 2016. Vol. 90. P. 430–439.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.01.014.
15. Caballero F., Sauma E., Yanine F. Business optimal de-sign of a grid-connected hybrid PV (photovoltaic)-wind energy system without energy storage for an Easter Is-land's block. Energy. 2013. Vol. 61. P. 248–261.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.08.030 .
16. Li F.-F., Qiu J. Multi-objective optimization for integrat-ed hydro–photovoltaic power system. Applied Energy. 2016. Vol. 167. P. 377–384.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.09.018.
17. Askarzadeh A. A. Memory-Based Genetic Algorithm for Optimization of Power Generation in a Microgrid. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 2018. Vol. 9, no. 3. P. 1081–1089. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/tste.2017.2765483.
18. Mix-mode energy management strategy and battery sizing for economic operation of grid-tied microgrid / S. Sukumar et al. Energy. 2017. Vol. 118. P. 1322–1333.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.11.018.
19. A centralized and heuristic approach for energy man-agement of an AC microgrid / J. B. Almada et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2016. Vol. 60. P. 1396–1404. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.002.
20. Operation window constrained strategic energy man-agement of microgrid with electric vehicle and distrib-uted resources / L. K. Panwar et al. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2017. Vol. 11, no. 3. P. 615–626.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2016.0654.
21. Optimal scheduling of a microgrid with a fuzzy logic controlled storage system / J. P. Fossati et al. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 2015. Vol. 68. P. 61–70.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2014.12.032.
22. Baziar A., Kavousi-Fard A. Considering uncertainty in the optimal energy management of renewable micro-grids including storage devices. Renewable Energy. 2013. Vol. 59. P. 158–166.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.03.026.
23. Bogaraj T., Kanakaraj J. Intelligent energy management control for independent microgrid. Sādhanā. 2016. Vol. 41, no. 7. P. 755–769.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12046-016-0515-6.
24. Tabar V. S., Jirdehi M. A., Hemmati R. Energy manage-ment in microgrid based on the multi objective stochas-tic programming incorporating portable renewable en-ergy resource as demand response option. Energy. 2017. Vol. 118. P. 827–839.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.10.113.
25. Motevasel M., Seifi A. R., Niknam T. Multi-objective energy management of CHP (combined heat and pow-er)-based micro-grid. Energy. 2013. Vol. 51. P. 123–136.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.11.035.
26. Hybrid Energy System Design of Micro Hydro-PV-biogas Based Micro-grid / Nishrina et al. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2017. Vol. 180. P. 012080.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/180/1/012080.
27. Arefifar S. A., Ordonez M., Mohamed Y. Energy Man-agement in Multi-Microgrid Systems – Development and Assessment. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2016. P. 1.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/tpwrs.2016.2568858.
28. Energy management and operation modelling of hybrid AC–DC microgrid / P. Teimourzadeh Baboli et al. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2014. Vol. 8, no. 10. P. 1700–1711.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0793.
29. Tenfen D., Finardi E. C. A mixed integer linear pro-gramming model for the energy management problem of microgrids. Electric Power Systems Research. 2015. Vol. 122. P. 19–28.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2014.12.019.
30. Multi-objective operation management of a renewable MG (micro-grid) with back-up micro-turbine/fuel cell/battery hybrid power source / A. A. Moghaddam et al. Energy. 2011. Vol. 36, no. 11. P. 6490–6507.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.09.017.
31. Multiobjective Intelligent Energy Management for a Microgrid / A. Chaouachi et al. IEEE Transactions on In-dustrial Electronics. 2013. Vol. 60, no. 4. P. 1688–1699. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2012.2188873.
32. Rezaei N., Kalantar M. Stochastic frequency-security constrained energy and reserve management of an in-verter interfaced islanded microgrid considering de-mand response programs. International Journal of Elec-trical Power & Energy Systems. 2015. Vol. 69. P. 273–286.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.01.023.
33. Guo Y., Zhao C. Islanding-Aware Robust Energy Man-agement for Microgrids. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 2018. Vol. 9, no. 2. P. 1301–1309.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2585092.
34. Energy management system for stand-alone diesel-wind-biomass microgrid with energy storage system / C. Wang et al. Energy. 2016. Vol. 97. P. 90–104.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.12.099.
35. A novel off-grid hybrid power system comprised of solar photovoltaic, wind, and hydro energy sources / B. Bhandari et al. Applied Energy. 2014. Vol. 133. P. 236–242.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.033.
36. Asmus P. Microgrids, Virtual Power Plants and Our Distributed Energy Future. The Electricity Journal. 2010. Vol. 23, no. 10. P. 72–82.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2010.11.001.
37. Assessment of hybrid renewable power sources for rural electrification in Malaysia / M. Fadaeenejad et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014. Vol. 30. P. 299–305.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.003.
38. Nandi S. K., Ghosh H. R. Prospect of wind–PV-battery hybrid power system as an alternative to grid extension in Bangladesh. Energy. 2010. Vol. 35, no. 7. P. 3040–3047.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.03.044.
39. Feasibility study of a wind–pv–diesel hybrid power system for a village / S. Rehman et al. Renewable Ener-gy. 2012. Vol. 38, no. 1. P. 258–268.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.028.
40. A source of renewable energy in Malaysia, why bio-diesel? / M. H. M. Ashnani et al. Renewable and Sus-tainable Energy Reviews. 2014. Vol. 35. P. 244–257. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.04.001.
41. Dwivedi G., Sharma M. P. Prospects of biodiesel from Pongamia in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014. Vol. 32. P. 114–122.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.009.
42. Potential of biodiesel as a renewable energy source in Bangladesh / M. Habibullah et al. Renewable and Sus-tainable Energy Reviews. 2015. Vol. 50. P. 819–834.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.149.
43. Kaur M., Verma Y. P., Sharma M. K. Impact of demand response and pumped storage on microgrid opera-tion. 2016 IEEE 1st International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES), Delhi, India, 4–6 July 2016. 2016.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/icpeices.2016.7853581.
44. Ter-Gazarian A. Energy Storage for Power System. Trowbridge, Wiltshire : Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1994. 238 p.
45. Park J.-D. Simple flywheel energy storage using squir-rel-cage induction machine for DC bus microgrid sys-tems. IECON 2010 - 36th Annual Conference of IEEE In-dustrial Electronics, Glendale, AZ, USA, 7–10 November 2010. 2010.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/iecon.2010.5674948.
46. Ibrahim H., Belmokhtar K., Ghandour M. Investigation of Usage of Compressed Air Energy Storage for Power Generation System Improving - Application in a Mi-crogrid Integrating Wind Energy. Energy Procedia. 2015. Vol. 73. P. 305–316.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.694.
47. Guoying C., W.Y.X. Research on the energy storage characteristics of super capacitor. World Power Supply. 2009. Vol. 1. P. 33–38.
48. Wu Bingbing, Yin Zhongdong, Xiao Xiangning. Super-capacitors energy storage system applied in the mi-crogrid. 2010 5th IEEE Conference on Industrial Electron-ics and Applications (ICIEA), Taichung, Taiwan, 15–17 June 2010. 2010.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2010.5515758.
49. Molina M. G., Mercado P. E. Power Flow Stabilization and Control of Microgrid with Wind Generation by Su-perconducting Magnetic Energy Storage. IEEE Transac-tions on Power Electronics. 2011. Vol. 26, no. 3. P. 910–922. URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2010.2097609.
50. Enhancing smart grid with microgrids: Challenges and opportunities / Y. Yoldaş et al. Renewable and Sustain-able Energy Reviews. 2017. Vol. 72. P. 205–214. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.064.
51. Su W., Wang J. Energy Management Systems in Mi-crogrid Operations. The Electricity Journal. 2012. Vol. 25, no. 8. P. 45–60.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2012.09.010.
52. Korada N., Mishra M. K. Grid Adaptive Power Manage-ment Strategy for an Integrated Microgrid With Hybrid Energy Storage. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electron-ics. 2017. Vol. 64, no. 4. P. 2884–2892.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2016.2631443.
53. Microgrid and load shedding scheme during islanded mode: A review / N. N. A. Bakar et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017. Vol. 71. P. 161–169. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.049.
54. Dynamic load shedding for an islanded microgrid with limited generation resources / H. Gao et al. IET Genera-tion, Transmission & Distribution. 2016. Vol. 10, no. 12. P. 2953–2961.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.1452.
55. U.S. Department Energy. Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them - A Report to the United States Con-gress Pursant to Section 1252 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. U.S. Department of Energy, 2006. 122 p.
56. Siano P. Demand response and smart grids–A sur-vey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2014. Vol. 30. P. 461–478.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.10.022.
57. A Survey on Demand Response in Smart Grids: Mathe-matical Models and Approaches / R. Deng et al. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2015. Vol. 11, no. 3. P. 570–582.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2015.2414719.
58. Zia M. F., Elbouchikhi E., Benbouzid M. Optimal opera-tional planning of scalable DC microgrid with demand response, islanding, and battery degradation cost con-siderations. Applied Energy. 2019. Vol. 237. P. 695–707. URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.040.
59. Albadi M. H., El-Saadany E. F. A summary of demand response in electricity markets. Electric Power Systems Research. 2008. Vol. 78, no. 11. P. 1989–1996.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2008.04.002.
60. Demand bidding/buyback modeling and its impact on market clearing price / J. Saebi et al. 2010 IEEE Interna-tional Energy Conference (ENERGYCON 2010), Manama, Bahrain, 18–22 December 2010. 2010.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/energycon.2010.5771788.
61. Tyagi R., Black J. W. Emergency demand response for distribution system contingencies. IEEE PES T&D 2010, New Orleans, LA, USA, 19–22 April 2010. 2010.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1109/tdc.2010.5484598.
62. Herter K. Residential implementation of critical-peak pricing of electricity. Energy Policy. 2007. Vol. 35, no. 4. P. 2121–2130.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2006.06.019.
63. Patrick R. H., Wolak F. A. Real-Time Pricing and Demand Side Participation in Restructured Electricity Mar-kets. Electricity Pricing in Transition. Boston, MA, 2002. P. 345–360.
URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0833-5_23.